Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the accumulation of plaque on the surfaces of teeth. Bacteria within dental plaque activate the human immune system and prompt inflammation of the bone surrounding the teeth. Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent, with up to 70% of adults exhibiting signs of varying severity of periodontitis.

Symptoms of Periodontitis:

In the early stages, periodontitis is often asymptomatic. Mild forms manifest with bleeding gums, swelling, and redness. Smokers may not experience primary symptoms as smoking reduces gum bleeding and masks changes in gum color. 

As the disease progresses, late-stage symptoms appear, including tooth mobility, gum abscesses, and tooth migration. Periodontitis is a major cause of tooth loss, and if left undiagnosed, periodontal pathology can negatively impact not only oral health but also overall well-being, increasing the risk of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and other pathological states. 

Treatment of Periodontitis

First Stage of Treatment:

During initial (non-surgical) periodontal treatment, accumulated calculus and plaque are removed from the tooth surfaces. This procedure is typically performed in one or two visits under local anesthesia. Afterward, a special antiseptic mouthwash is prescribed, along with individual hygiene instructions. Following initial periodontal treatment, signs of gum inflammation begin to subside, with reduced bleeding and swelling. 

Around 6-8 weeks after initial treatment, a follow-up visit is conducted to measure periodontal pocket depth and evaluate treatment outcomes. If deep (>5 mm) periodontal pockets persist, the patient is referred for further treatment. Non-surgical periodontal treatment is often sufficient for mild cases of periodontitis. However, individuals with severe periodontal pathology often require surgical periodontal treatment.

Second Stage of Treatment:

Surgical periodontal treatment, known as flap surgery, involves the removal of deep-seated calculus and damaged gum tissue. During this procedure, the gums are repositioned with sutures. Flap surgery is performed under local anesthesia, making it painless. Some discomfort in the surgical area may occur after the procedure but typically subsides within 24 hours. 

Third Stage of Treatment:

This is the maintenance phase aimed at preventing disease recurrence. Recurrent disease progresses rapidly, requiring more complex treatment. In this stage, regular professional oral hygiene and strengthening of oral cavity immunity are recommended under the supervision of a dentist.